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ミトコンドリアは生命内燃料電池

筑波大学で出た新しい論文。

「ミトコンドリアは単なるATP製造装置ではなく、電子伝達に伴う“電気化学的抵抗”によって熱を生む、生命内燃料電池である」

という視点は斬新ですね。

従来の生化学では、ミトコンドリアは

NADH → 電子伝達系 → プロトン勾配 → ATP合成

という流れで説明されてきました。

しかしこの論文はそこに、電子が流れる限り、抵抗があり、抵抗がある限り熱が出るという非平衡熱力学の視点を入れたところに新しさがあります。

生物学と物理学を跨いだ分野で、興味深いです。

 

細胞中のミトコンドリアの熱産生機構を解明 ~電気化学の視点から過電圧による熱散逸が主要因であることを実証~ | 生物・環境 – TSUKUBA JOURNAL

 

 

A recent study from the University of Tsukuba invites a reconsideration of one of biology’s most familiar organelles: the mitochondrion.

For decades, mitochondrial bioenergetics has been framed largely through the canonical pathway of oxidative phosphorylation—electrons derived from NADH drive proton pumping, establishing an electrochemical gradient that powers ATP synthesis. In this view, ATP production occupies centre stage.

The new work proposes a complementary perspective. Rather than functioning solely as molecular power plants, mitochondria may also be understood as biological fuel cells, in which electron transport is intrinsically accompanied by heat generation arising from electrochemical resistance.

The conceptual advance lies not in revising the fundamentals of electron transport, but in reframing them through the lens of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Wherever charge flows through a dissipative system, energy loss is inevitable. From this perspective, mitochondrial thermogenesis emerges not merely as a secondary consequence of metabolism, but as a fundamental physical outcome of the energetic processes that sustain life.

By bridging bioenergetics and physics, the study highlights how established biological phenomena can acquire new meaning when viewed through a thermodynamic framework. Such interdisciplinary perspectives may prove valuable in refining our understanding of how living systems manage, transform, and dissipate energy.


Dr.ShobhanとSciton APACのMr.Phil Schramm

今日は日本の美容外科学会に参加していたオーストラリアのDr Shobhan ManoharanとサイトンAPACのPhil SchrammがクリニックFを訪ねてくれました。

様々な情報交換。僕も過去に書いた英文論文を出して色々話していたら

こんなに書いてるのか!

と。笑。

世界の美容医療はビジネスの側面に移行しているけれど、マーケットをエビデンスある科学に戻していかないといけないねと楽しく1時間ばかりおしゃべりしました。

さて、これから最後の患者さんをお迎えします。

Today, I had the pleasure of welcoming Dr. Shobhan Manoharan from Australia and Phil Schramm from Sciton to Clinic F after their participation in the Japan Society of Aesthetic Surgery meeting.

We exchanged ideas on a wide range of topics. At one point, I pulled out some of my old English-language papers and shared them with them.

Their reaction was:

“You’ve written all of these?”

Which gave me a good laugh.

The global aesthetic medicine industry is increasingly moving toward the business side of the field. But we agreed that the market ultimately needs to remain grounded in evidence-based science.

The conversation was both stimulating and encouraging. As aesthetic medicine continues to grow globally, maintaining a strong scientific foundation will be more important than ever.

Now, on to my final patient of the day.


AI革命で価値が高まる4つの領域

次回の講演のための壁打ちです。生成AIによって性格が異なり、違う意見を出してくるので、おもしろいですよね。

人類社会の歴史は「人間の機能のアウトソーシング(外部化)」の歴史でもあります。

農業革命:定住と生産のための「肉体労働」の価値向上

産業革命:機械による肉体の代替に伴う、「管理・知的労働(ホワイトカラー)」へのシフト

IT革命:情報の民主化による、「記憶・検索可能な単なる知識」の価値低下

そして現在進行形のAI革命では、IT革命の延長線上で「論理的な情報処理」や「定型的な正解を導き出す思考」の価値が低下(コモディティ化)していくと考えられます。

僕は20年前のMBAのビジネススクールで、首から下だけを使った労働は日給100ドルが現度。頭を使ったホワイトカラーの重要性を叩き込まれましたが、今はそのホワイトカラーの仕事が価値を失いかねない時です。

AI革命によって価値が転換し、新たに重要視されるのは以下の領域だと言えます。

AI革命で価値が高まる4つの領域

1. 「問いを立てる力」と「ビジョン(構想力)」

AIは与えられた課題に対する「最適解」を瞬時に出すのは得意ですが、「そもそも何を解決すべきか」「どのような世界を創りたいか」をゼロから定義することはできません。

AIという強力なエンジンに行き先を指示する「目的設定能力」や「情熱」の価値が圧倒的に高まります。

2. 感情・共感・人間関係(ハイタッチな領域)

AIがどれほど流暢に会話できても、それは計算の出力であり「本物の共感」ではありません。

人間が人間に対して求めるケア、ホスピタリティ、信頼関係の構築、モチベーションの喚起など、「人の心を動かすこと」やコミュニティ形成の価値が極めて高くなります。

3. 身体性と「生」の体験(リアルへの回帰)

デジタル空間のコンテンツや知的作業がAIによって無限に生成される反動として、物理空間での体験にプレミアムがつきます。

高度な手先の器用さを要する職人技、ライブエンターテインメント、あるいは「直接そこへ行って触れる」という身体的経験そのものの価値が再認識されます。

4. 哲学・倫理・意味づけ

「AIが最適解だと提示しているが、それは本当に人間社会にとって正しいのか?」を判断する倫理観や、物事に対する「自分なりの意味づけ(ナラティブ)」を構築する力です。

正解がない問題に対して、人間としてのスタンス(哲学)を取る力が求められます。

AI革命によって、社会は「計算・処理」から「意味・感情」への価値転換を経験することになります。

かつて機械が人間の「筋肉」を代替し、コンピューターが人間の「記憶力」を代替したように、AIは人間の「論理的処理能力」を代替しようとしています。

その結果、最後に残る最大の価値は、皮肉なことに「人間であることそのもの(人間らしさ、感情、身体、意志)」へと回帰していくと言えるでしょう。

From Computation to Meaning

A Thought Experiment for My Next Lecture

As I prepare for an upcoming lecture, I’ve been “sparring” with various generative AI systems.

What makes it fascinating is that each AI seems to have its own personality and often arrives at different conclusions. Watching them disagree with one another is, in itself, remarkably thought-provoking.

More broadly, I believe that the history of human civilization can be viewed as a history of outsourcing human functions.

The Agricultural Revolution increased the value of physical labor by enabling settled communities and large-scale production.

The Industrial Revolution shifted value away from manual labor as machines increasingly replaced human muscle, creating greater demand for management and knowledge work—the rise of the white-collar economy.

The Information Technology Revolution democratized access to information and dramatically reduced the value of knowledge that could simply be memorized, stored, and retrieved.

And now we are entering the AI Revolution.

As an extension of the IT Revolution, AI is beginning to commoditize logical information processing and the kind of thinking that produces standardized, predictable answers.

Twenty years ago, during my MBA studies, I was taught a simple lesson:

If you work only with your body, there is a ceiling on your economic value.

The future belonged to knowledge workers—to people who use their minds rather than their muscles.

At the time, that seemed unquestionably true.

Today, however, we are entering an era in which even traditional white-collar work may lose much of its value.

The AI Revolution is not simply changing technology.

It is changing what society values.

Four Human Capabilities That Become More Valuable in the Age of AI
1. The Ability to Ask Questions and Create Vision

AI excels at generating optimal answers to clearly defined problems.

What it cannot do is determine, from nothing, what problems are worth solving in the first place.

Nor can it genuinely decide what kind of future should be created.

As AI becomes an increasingly powerful engine, the ability to define direction, establish purpose, and articulate a compelling vision becomes exponentially more valuable.

The future belongs not only to those who can find answers, but to those who can formulate meaningful questions.

2. Emotion, Empathy, and Human Relationships

No matter how fluent AI becomes, its empathy is ultimately simulated.

It is a computational output rather than a lived human experience.

Human beings seek more than information from one another.

We seek care.

Trust.

Belonging.

Inspiration.

Motivation.

The ability to move people’s hearts, build communities, create meaningful relationships, and provide genuine human connection will become increasingly valuable in a world saturated with artificial intelligence.

As technology becomes more powerful, the importance of high-touch human interaction grows rather than diminishes.

3. Embodiment and the Value of Real Experience

As AI generates unlimited digital content, ideas, images, and intellectual outputs, scarcity shifts elsewhere.

The premium increasingly moves toward experiences that cannot be digitized.

Craftsmanship requiring exceptional manual skill.

Live performances.

Shared physical experiences.

Travel.

Touch.

Presence.

Simply being somewhere, experiencing something directly through one’s own senses, may become more valuable than consuming an infinite stream of virtual alternatives.

In many ways, the AI Revolution may trigger a cultural return to reality.

4. Philosophy, Ethics, and Meaning-Making

AI may become extraordinarily effective at identifying optimal solutions.

But optimal does not necessarily mean right.

One of the defining challenges of the AI era will be deciding whether the solutions AI proposes align with human values.

This requires ethics.

Judgment.

Wisdom.

And perhaps most importantly, the ability to create meaning.

Human beings are narrative-making creatures.

We do not merely seek answers; we seek significance.

When faced with questions that have no objectively correct solution, individuals and societies must still choose a position.

That requires philosophy.

From Computation to Meaning

The AI Revolution represents more than a technological transformation.

It represents a shift in value.

For centuries, machines increasingly replaced human muscle.

Computers increasingly replaced human memory.

Now AI is beginning to replace human logical processing.

As each layer of human capability becomes externalized, society is forced to reconsider what remains uniquely human.

Ironically, the ultimate value may lie in the very qualities that technology cannot fully replicate:

Humanity itself.

Emotion.

Embodiment.

Purpose.

Will.

In that sense, the AI Revolution may not make us less human.

It may force us to rediscover what being human actually means.


若い医師が自由診療に向かう理由

若い医師が自由診療に向かう理由

最近の医療界隈では、初期研修を終えてすぐに美容や自由診療の領域へ進むことを「直美(ちょくび)」と呼ぶ。

若い医師が、伝統的な医局や保険診療の泥臭い現場を経ずに、そのまま自由診療に行ってしまう。その気持ちは、僕にはとてもよくわかる。

これを単純に、

「最近の若い医師は楽をしたがる」
「お金に走っている」
「使命感が足りない」

と批判するのは、少し違うと思う。

むしろ、今の保険診療の構造を冷静に見れば、若い医師が別の道を探すのは、かなり自然なことだ。

今の保険診療の現場には、三つの余裕がない。

時間の余裕。
経済的な余裕。
そして、メンタルの余裕である。

30年前の医療現場も、もちろん楽ではなかった。

僕たちの世代も、人の三倍働くことが当たり前のように求められた。

病院に泊まり込み、当直明けにそのまま外来や手術に入り、若さと気合いだけで身体を動かしていた。

メンタルは、僕自身も正直ぎりぎりだったし、あまりに追い詰められて命を絶った友も一人ではない。

それでも、まだ救いがあった。

経済的には、今よりもまだ報われていたからである。

そして「これだけ働けば、いつかは報われる」
「苦しい時期を越えれば、自分の専門性で生きていける」

そういう未来像が、まだ医師の側にも残されていた。

しかし今は違う。

医師の責任は増えた。
説明義務は増えた。
電子カルテの記載は増えた。

訴訟リスクも、クレーム対応も、感染対策も、同意書も、委員会も増えた。

一方で、患者さん一人にかけられる時間は増えていない。

診療報酬は制度で決められ、物価や地代や人件費が上がっても、医療機関が自由に価格を変えることはできない。

つまり保険診療の現場では、責任だけが増え、裁量は増えず、報酬も自由に決められない。もしかしたら世界で最も成功した共産主義社会モデルかもしれない。

これは、かなり厳しい構造である。

実は、この流れに乗っているのは「直美」を選ぶ若い医師たちだけではない。

長年、医局の頂点に君臨し、保険診療と研究の最前線を牽引してきたはずの大学病院の教授でさえ、退官後に美容クリニックや、幹細胞治療・各種点滴療法などを扱う再生医療・抗加齢クリニックへと移るケースが珍しくなくなってきた。

医療のヒエラルキーの頂点を極めたはずの重鎮たちでさえ、最後のキャリアとして自由診療のフィールドを選ぶ。

それはなぜか。やはりそこには、保険診療のシステムが抱える「報われなさ」と、自由診療がもつ「時間と経済の正当な対価」という圧倒的なコントラストがあるからだ。

ここで大事なのは、直美を選ぶ若い医師や、自由診療に向かう退官教授を責めることではない。

彼らは、単に楽をしたいのではない。

自分の人生を守りたいのだ。

自分の専門性に正当な対価を得たいのだ。

患者さんに対して、流れ作業ではなく、きちんと時間をかけたいのだ。

そして何より、医療者である前に、一人の人間として壊れたくないのである。

国家的に見ると、医療には逃げられない三角形がある。

クオリティ。
価格。
アクセス。

この三つをすべて同時に最高水準で満たすことは、原理的に難しい。

医療の質を上げようとすれば、時間が必要になる。

専門性の高い医師、十分なスタッフ、最新の設備、丁寧な説明、継続的な教育が必要になる。

当然、コストは上がる。

価格を低く抑えようとすれば、どこかで人件費、設備投資、診療時間、教育、研究が削られる。

アクセスを最大化しようとすれば、誰でもすぐに受診できる反面、一人あたりに割ける時間は短くなり、医療者側の負荷は増える。

米国はクオリティとアクセスを保証したため、今でも医療保険に入れず医療費破産する人達がいる。サッチャー政権下のイギリスは医療価格を先進国で最も下げる政策をとったために医師が離れ、癌の手術待ちに一年近く待たないといけなくなった。

日本の保険診療は、長い間、安く、誰でも、一定水準以上の医療をいつでも受けられる、という世界でも稀な制度を維持してきた。

これは本当に素晴らしいことだと思う。

しかし、その裏側で、現場の医師と医療従事者の過重労働、使命感、そして善意に依存してきた部分があまりに大きかった。

本来なら、国民全体で議論しなければならない。

医療の質を守りたいのか。

医療費を低く抑えたいのか。

アクセスを守りたいのか。

三つとも欲しいと言うのは簡単である。

しかし三つとも欲しいなら、誰かがその不足分を負担することになる。

これまで日本では、その不足分を医療者の労働時間と使命感で埋めてきた。

つまり、制度の赤字を、医師の人生で補填してきたのである。

ここに、今の保険診療の本質的な限界がある。

自由診療には、もちろん危うさもある。

エビデンスの薄い治療を過剰に売る医療。

広告だけが先行する医療。

患者さんの不安やコンプレックスを煽る医療。

これは、医療ではなく、医療の顔をした商売になってしまう。

だから自由診療に進む医師にも、高い倫理観と科学的態度が必要である。

しかし、自由診療そのものが悪いわけではない。

保険診療では扱いにくい未病、予防、抗加齢、再生医療、美容、運動機能、栄養、睡眠、メンタル、ウェルビーイング。

こうした領域には、本来、大きな医学的価値がある。

むしろ現代社会では、病気になってから治す医療だけではなく、病気になる前に整える医療や、細胞レベルから機能低下を防ぐ医療が必要になっている。

自由診療は、その受け皿にもなり得る。

問題は、若い医師が自由診療に行くことではない。保険診療に残ることが、あまりにも報われにくくなっていることだ。

⚫︎保険診療に残る医師が誇りを持てる制度。

⚫︎自由診療に進む医師が倫理と科学を失わない仕組み。

⚫︎そして患者さんが、価格だけでなく価値を理解できる社会。

この三つが必要なのだと思う。

医療とは、患者さんの人生と、医療者の人生が交差する場所である。

患者さんの命を守るために、医師の人生が削られ続ける。

そんな制度は、長くは続かない。

若い医師が「直美」を選び、大教授が退官後に美容や再生医療へ向かう姿は、単なる個人のキャリア選択ではない。

それは、日本の保険診療という巨大な制度に対する、静かな警告でもあり、僕が医師となった30年以上前から指摘はされてきた。

「このままでは、現場は持ちませんよ」

そういう声なき声が、すでに医療界のあちこちから聞こえている。

医療を守るということは、患者さんを守ることだけではない。医療者を守ることでもある。

その当たり前のことを、そろそろ国家として正面から議論しなければならない時期に来ているのだと思う。

The Rise of Chokubi: Why Young Japanese Doctors Are Choosing Cosmetic Medicine Over Traditional Clinical Training

In Japan’s medical community, a new term has emerged in recent years: chokubi.

It refers to young physicians who move directly from residency into cosmetic medicine or other forms of private, self-pay practice, bypassing the traditional path of hospital-based training and insurance-funded clinical medicine.

To many senior physicians, this trend appears troubling.

Yet, speaking as someone who has spent more than three decades in medicine, I understand it very well.

It is easy to criticize these young doctors by saying:

“They want an easier life.”

“They’re chasing money.”

“They lack a sense of mission.”

But I believe such criticisms miss the point entirely.

If we look honestly at the structure of modern healthcare, it is hardly surprising that many young physicians are seeking a different path.

The reality is that today’s insurance-based medical system suffers from a shortage of three essential resources:

Time.

Financial security.

And emotional resilience.

Thirty years ago, medicine was not easy either.

My generation was expected to work at a pace that few would consider acceptable today. We slept in hospitals, moved directly from overnight call to clinics and operating rooms, and relied largely on youth, endurance, and determination to keep going.

Many of us lived close to our limits.

Personally, I often felt I was barely holding on. More than one friend and colleague became so overwhelmed that they took their own lives.

And yet there was still a sense of hope.

Physicians were compensated better than they are today, and there remained a widely shared belief that sacrifice would eventually be rewarded.

If you worked hard enough, your efforts would pay off.

If you endured the difficult years of training, your expertise would eventually allow you to build a meaningful and sustainable career.

That future still seemed attainable.

Today, for many young doctors, it no longer does.

The responsibilities of physicians have increased dramatically.

Documentation requirements have expanded.

Electronic medical records consume more time.

Legal risks have grown.

Patient complaints require greater attention.

Infection-control protocols have multiplied.

Consent procedures have become more extensive.

Committee work has increased.

Yet the amount of time available for each patient has not increased.

At the same time, reimbursement is fixed by government policy. Even as inflation, rent, equipment costs, and salaries rise, healthcare institutions cannot freely adjust prices.

The result is a system in which responsibility continually expands while autonomy remains constrained and compensation is tightly controlled.

One might even argue that it is among the most successful centrally regulated healthcare models ever created.

But it is also an extraordinarily demanding one.

Importantly, this trend is not limited to young doctors choosing chokubi.

Increasingly, even senior professors from major university hospitals—individuals who spent decades at the pinnacle of academic medicine and insurance-based clinical care—are choosing to enter cosmetic medicine, regenerative medicine clinics, stem-cell therapy centers, anti-aging practices, and other forms of private medicine after retirement.

Even those who have reached the highest levels of the medical hierarchy often conclude their careers outside the traditional system.

Why?

Because they, too, recognize the stark contrast between the frustrations of insurance-based medicine and the ability of private practice to provide a more appropriate relationship between expertise, time, and compensation.

The important point is not to blame young physicians who choose chokubi, nor retired professors who make similar decisions.

Most are not looking for an easy life.

They are trying to protect their lives.

They are seeking fair compensation for their expertise.

They want enough time to care properly for patients rather than practicing medicine on an assembly line.

And perhaps most importantly, they do not want to be broken by the system.

Before they are physicians, they are human beings.

From a policy perspective, healthcare is constrained by an unavoidable triangle:

Quality.

Cost.

Access.

It is extraordinarily difficult to maximize all three simultaneously.

Higher quality requires time.

It requires highly trained physicians, adequate staffing, modern facilities, continuous education, thoughtful communication, and rigorous standards.

All of these increase costs.

If costs are kept low, something must eventually be sacrificed: staffing, infrastructure, consultation time, education, or research.

If access is maximized, allowing everyone to receive care quickly and easily, the time available for each patient inevitably decreases and the burden on healthcare professionals increases.

Every healthcare system struggles with this reality.

The United States has historically emphasized quality and access for those who can obtain coverage, yet millions still face unaffordable medical expenses.

The United Kingdom pursued aggressive cost containment for many years, contributing to physician shortages and long waiting times for certain treatments.

Japan’s achievement has been remarkable.

For decades, it has maintained a system in which almost anyone can receive high-quality medical care at relatively low cost.

That accomplishment deserves admiration.

But it has also depended heavily on the long working hours, personal sacrifice, professional dedication, and goodwill of healthcare workers.

This is a conversation that should involve society as a whole.

What do we truly want to prioritize?

Quality?

Affordability?

Access?

It is easy to say we want all three.

But if we insist on having all three simultaneously, someone must absorb the resulting costs.

In Japan, those costs have largely been absorbed by healthcare professionals themselves.

Their time.

Their energy.

Their families.

Their lives.

In many ways, physicians have been subsidizing the deficits of the system with their own personal sacrifices.

That is the fundamental limitation of the current model.

Of course, private medicine has its own risks.

Medicine that aggressively sells treatments supported by weak evidence.

Medicine driven more by marketing than science.

Medicine that profits from patients’ fears and insecurities.

When that happens, healthcare risks becoming commerce disguised as medicine.

For that reason, physicians who enter private practice must maintain strong ethical standards and a rigorous scientific mindset.

Yet private medicine itself is not inherently problematic.

Many areas that receive insufficient attention within insurance-based systems possess substantial medical value:

Preventive medicine.

Health optimization before disease develops.

Anti-aging medicine.

Regenerative medicine.

Cosmetic medicine.

Physical performance and functional health.

Nutrition.

Sleep medicine.

Mental health.

Well-being.

Modern societies increasingly need not only medicine that treats disease after it occurs, but also medicine that helps people remain healthy before disease develops and preserves function throughout life.

Private medicine can play an important role in that mission.

The real problem is not that young physicians are choosing private practice.

The real problem is that remaining within insurance-based medicine has become increasingly difficult to sustain.

What we need is:

• A healthcare system in which physicians who remain in public and insurance-based medicine can take pride in their work.

• A framework that ensures physicians entering private practice maintain ethical and scientific standards.

• A society in which patients understand value, not merely price.

All three are essential.

Medicine is where the lives of patients and healthcare professionals intersect.

A system in which physicians must continuously sacrifice their own lives to protect the lives of others cannot endure indefinitely.

When young doctors choose chokubi, and when distinguished professors leave academic medicine for cosmetic or regenerative practice after retirement, these are not merely individual career decisions.

They are quiet warnings.

Warnings directed toward the structure of Japanese healthcare itself.

In truth, these concerns are not new.

When I entered medicine more than thirty years ago, many people were already raising the same alarm:

“This system will eventually become unsustainable.”

Today, those voices can be heard throughout the profession.

Protecting healthcare means more than protecting patients.

It also means protecting healthcare professionals.

And perhaps the time has come for Japan to confront that reality openly and honestly as a nation.


カテゴリー